The review presents a description of the effects of polymorphic variants of genes AGT, ACE, ATGR1, ATGR2, CYP11B2, ADD1, ADRB1, ADRB2, hANP, eNOS, GNB3, which demonstrated effects on different pathogenetic links of arterial hypertension. Discusses their role in the pathogenesis, significance in the formation of predisposition to the disease. Described installed pharmacogenetic features of some of these genes: genes CYP11B2, ADD1 associated with sensitivity to diuretics and general susceptibility to salt, ADRB1 gene with the efficacy of therapy with β-blockers, with the preferred choice between calcium channel blockers and diuretics based on genotype hANP.

While coughing remains the most frequent adverse drugs reaction (ADR) when taking ACE inhibitors, angioedema giving him a frequency is considered to be the most threatening complication from this group of drugs. The risk of such complications are usually associated with increased levels of bradykinin and it`s active metabolites by inhibiting ACE. Genetic factors associated with the level of ACE in plasma and the incidence of complications play a leading role. To search for genetic markers usually used mapping candidate. This method allows analyzing ADR due to gene polymorphism. The present review consider the relationship of polymorphisms in candidate genes with the frequency of ADR of the ACE inhibitor. In addition, we discuss the possible causes of isolated visceral angioedema.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of mortality. Morphological substrate of CHD in most cases is atherosclerosis, which is based on structural genes polymorphism eNOS and AGTR2. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of polymorphism 894G>T gene eNOS and 1675 G>A gene AGTR2 in patients with CHD at the age of onset of the disease. The study involved 121 patients aged 36 to 88 years (62.7 ± 11.4) with different forms of CHD: stable and unstable angina, myocardial infarction. Determination of gene polymorphisms was performed by real-time PCR analyzer of nucleic acids IQ 5 Bio-Rad. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10.0. The study found that the mutant allele T of eNOS gene is associated with earlier onset of CHD compared with normal allele G.

Introduction. A large number of scientific studies on the impact of CYP2C19 polymorphism in the pharmacogenetics of clopidogrel. The greatest evidentiary value shall be a meta-analysis, which absorbed a large number of research results. Unfortunately, the Russian exploration on the subject were not included in the coverage of international meta-analysis, due to the low quality of research and language barriers. This meta-analysis on the impact of CYP219 polymorphisms on the effectiveness clopidogrel therapy incorporates the results of Russian studies and is the first of its kind. Materials and methods. A literature search was conducted using electronic database Elibrary. The following included Russian mature patients (55-65 years) with IHD (such as in the form of angina pectoris and in the form of an acute coronary syndrome), which is assigned a dual antiplatelet therapy. Quantitative data synthesis performed using MIX Pro 2.0. The main criterion for distinction between the effect of the experimental and control groups was OR (odds ratio) for each of the outcomes. Uniformity analyzed studies was tested using Q-Cochran test. Among other things, in a meta-analysis examined the effect of the presence of polymorphism of CYP2C19*2 on the risk of thrombotic complications. Results. According to the results of three prospective studies presence of a polymorphism CYP2C19*2 significantly increased the risk of the end point of development in the form of complications such as cardiovascular death / MI / stent thrombosis / AI / TIA (OR=2,85, 95% CI 0,31-0, 78; p=0.01). The test for heterogeneity revealed no statistically significant differences between the results of studies (Q=1,71; p=0,77). Conclusions. As a result of Russia’s first meta-analysis on the impact of CYP2C19 polymorphism in the pharmacogenetics of clopidogrel it has been found that the presence of CYP2C19*2 polymorphism significantly increased risk of developing complications such as cardiovascular death / MI / stent thrombosis / AI / TIA.

On the level of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the blood, affect individual genetically determined features of the human metabolism. The purpose: the study of the effect of SNPs CYP2C9 gene cytochrome P450 2C9 isoenzyme liver concentrations of valproic acid (VA) in the blood of women`s in a reproductive age with epilepsy and taking as the main AED — valproate. Methods: The study of the concentration of valproic acid in the blood plasma, and molecular genetic testing polymorphisms in the gene CYP2C9. Results: Frequency cumulation VA in the blood of carriers CYP2C9*2/CYP2C9*3 was 8 times higher for heterozygous carriers of polymorphism CYP2C9*2 — 2.6 times higher than for heterozygous carriers and CYP2C9*3 is 3 times higher than the homozygous polymorphism CYP2C9*1. Conclusions: The decrease in activity 2C9 isoenzyme cytochrome P450 liver in carriers of polymorphic allelic variants CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 requires individual titration of drugs VA to reduce the risk of adverse side effects and the risk of dose-related teratogenesis.

Today the reasons for resistance to clopidogrel had not defined completely. Response to clopidogrel may depend on genetic and non-genetic factors. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is required, which considers characteristics of the patient, that will allow with high accuracy to estimate the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic complications in a specific patient and give an opportunity for individualization of the choice of clopidogrel dosing modes. G. Miura et al. investigated the clinical and genetic factors which are responsible for the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation, and developed an algorithm to predict the pharmacodynamic response to this drug. There was found a correlation between PRU measured by VerifyNow-P2Y12 and PRU that was received from the original algorithm. It is the first research where was developed multifactorial algorithm to predict antiplatelet action of clopidogrel. Similar studies have not been carried through in the Russian population. The verification of prediction algorithm of the pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel, developed by G. Miura et al., for Caucasians, particularly among the Russian population, is perspective.

Pharmacogenetics — relatively new science, which now represents main method of personalized medicine. Since 1970, pharmacogenetics studies are conducted in psychiatry. Present review highlights the milestones of pharmacogenetics’ development in psychopharmacology. Special attention have been paid for recent period — from 2000 through today. The most perspective way is pharmacogenetic-based algorithms for drug administration as AmpliChip P450, GeneSight. However, sensitivity and specificity of pharmacogenetic tests for psychotropic drugs remains insufficient to be recommended for routine using. In conclusion, Russian modern research of personalized psychopharmacotherapy were given.