On the example of technologies of personalization of pharmacotherapy based on biomarkers of the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs (ADME-processes), the methodology of the results of scientific research into the educational process within the system of continuous medical education of doctors into the real clinical practice is presented. This methodology has been developed and implemented in the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education.

The article is devoted to the description of the global experience of personalized prescription of statins. The prerequisites for including the genetic factor, the carriage of the c.521C allele of the gene SLCO1B1, into the statin prescribing algorithm are stated. Also set out the reasons that complicate the introduction of therapeutic drug monitoring of statins into clinical practice are described.

This scientific review presents a current data on the effect of genetic polymorphism of CYP2C9 genes and genes encoding components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) on the angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The data shows that genetic polymorphisms of these genes determine the large interindividual variability of the pharmacological response to ARBs. In this article, we carried out a comprehensive review of recent findings on interpatient variability in antihypertensive therapy response due to genetic factors and individualized treatment approach in ARBs therapy.

At present, taking into account the widespread application of pharmacogenetics’ achievements to all branches of medicine, it has become possible to conduct such research in ophthalmology. At the moment, the studies on the most broadly used glaucoma medications have been carried out. The correlations between patients’ genotypes and the frequency of occurrence of adverse side effects have been found. The further exploration of the pharmacogenetics of the glaucoma medications and the introduction of pharmacogenetic testing will enable ophthalmologists to assign a rational, safe, and effective treatment in the short time, which will considerably improve the quality of provided aid.

Dabigatran etexilate is a prodrug of dabigatran, a direct inhibitor of thrombin. Pharmacokinetics of dabigatran etexilate doesn’t have the disadvantages of vitamin K antagonists. It is considered that CES1 enzyme and P-glycoprotein (CES1 and ABCB1 genes accordingly) play important role in pharmacokinetics of dabigatran etexilate. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes UGT2B15, UGT1A9, UGT2B7 (UGT2B15, UGT1A9, UGT2B7 genes accordingly) take part in the metabolism of active dabigatran. Presence of these gene’s single-nucleotide variants (SNV) can affect effectiveness and safety of dabigatran etexilate usage. The goal of this review is analysis of promising areas of associated researches of SNV of genes CES1 and ABCB1 and search for new candidate genes that reveal effectiveness and safety of dabigatran etexilate usage.

Tamoxifen is the selective modulator of estrogen receptors. Nowadays, it is widely used in the treatment of ER(+) breast cancer and substantially decreases the risks of recurrence and disease progression. However, high interindividual variability in response is observed, calling for a personalized approach to tamoxifen treatment. Tamoxifen is metabolized by cytochrome P450, resulting in the formation of active metabolites, including 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and endoxifen. The effectiveness and success of treatment depends largely on concentrations of the active tamoxifen metabolites in blood plasma. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding these enzymes are proposed to influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tamoxifen. Therefore, pharmacogenetic approach may form the basis of personalized treatment of breast cancer. In the updated systematic review, we analyze all current data about the potential use of genotyping of CYP2D6, CYP2С19, CYP3A4/5, CYP2B6 to predict an individual response on tamoxifen treatment.