There are still many gaps in the understanding of sex-related differences in drug action. These differences are important since they are potentially affecting the clinical effectiveness of the therapy or impacting on its side effects. It has been established that side effects produced by drugs are more frequent in women than in men. Sex-based effects usually involve differences in pharmacokinetics (i.e., the way the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted) or pharmacodynamics (the relationship between drug effect and drug concentration at the site of action). Sex-based medicine could be the first step in offering individualized or personalized medicine that would consider individual differences both in basic science and in clinical practice.

А brief description of the modern classes of antiplatelet drugs, their indications and contraindications; the efficacy and safety of use based on meta-analyzes assessment.

Objective: to determine the frequency of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic markers rs1801275 gene IL-4Rα, associated with the development of drug allergy β-lactam antibiotics in europeoids populations in Moscow region and the Republic of Dagestan. All study participants were identified genotypes at polymorphic markers rs1801275 gene IL-4Rα by allele-specific PCR (polymerase chain reaction) after prior isolation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from whole blood leukocytes. As a result of the study determined the frequencies of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic markers rs1801275 gene IL-4Rα in europeoids populations of Moscow region (A — 0,668, G — 0,332; A / A — 0.394, A / G — 0,548, G / G — 0,058) and Republic of Dagestan (A — 0,5375, G — 0,4625; A / A — 0.15 A / G — 0,775, G / G — 0,075). It is shown that such factors as ethnicity may influence the distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic markers rs1801275 gene IL-4Rα, and, consequently, the genetically determined predisposition to the development of drug allergy in the application of β-lactam antibiotics.

Pharmacogenetic-based approach is actively implemented into many fields of medicine. According to regulatory documents, the personalized treatment by psychotropic drugs is limited by genetic testing of CYP2D6 polymorphisms when indicated. However, in past years the range of candidate genes, providing for genotype-based prescribing of antipsychotics, was sufficiently enlarged. Overseas experience of research proves that pharmacogenetic testing can increase effectiveness and safety of antipsychotics. But the economic evaluation of genotype-based therapy in psychiatry was not yet received. Authors of existing algorithms of genotyping have conducted own research, but results of such studies must be considered with caution due to the conflict of interests. The problem is that the available literature does not include enough number of evidence-based pharmacoeconomic analyses of usefulness pharmacogenetic testing in order to prescribe antipsychotics. The present review consider the modern state of question about economic feasibility of personalized prescribing of antipsychotics and dose. The limitations of published research were discussed in order to avoid those in further studies including those, which will be conducted in Russia.

This review is devoted to translational medicine as novel integrative approach for novel treatment development. Basic aspects and mechanisms of implementation of translational medicine armamentarium in certain biomedical researches are addressed.